Here is a full list of published meibomian gland models for Meibomian Gland Disease. The problem is imaging these animal’s glands to see if stem cell injection into the glands would repair the process. Looking into ways to do this, but without being able to do a lipiview or lipiscan on mice, it defeats the issue of proving meibomian glands can regenerate with stem cell injections.
| PMC full text: |
Published online 2016 Nov 11. doi: 10.1007/s40123-016-0070-6
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Table 1
Animal models showing abnormal meibomian glands
| Model | Description | Animal | MGD features | Other defectsa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pikus et al. [13] | Modulation of bone morphogenic protein (BMP) | K14-Noggin transgenic mouse | Abnormal meibomian glands | Abnormal sweat glands, ectopic cilia, distal limb agenesis, hyperpigmentation of claws, interdigital webbing, reduced foot pads |
| Cascallana et al. [14] | Overexpression of glucocorticoid receptor | K5-GR mice | Lack meibomian glands | Underdeveloped sweat glands, preputial glands; abnormal hair follicles, teeth, and palate |
| Chang et al. [15] | Elevation of EDAR signalling | Transgenic mice | Enlarged meibomian glands | Excessively branched mammary and salivary glands |
| Kuramoto et al. [6] | EDARadd gene missense mutation | Sparse-and-wavy (swh) rat | Defective meibomian glands | Defects in the sweat, mammary, preputial, and tongue glands |
| Cui et al. [16] and Wang et al. [17] | Mutation of X-linked anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (EDA) gene | “Tabby” mice | Lack meibomian glands, reduced tear break up times, blepharitis | Corneal neovascularization, ulceration, keratinization, reduced corneal epithelial microvilli, conjunctivitisb |
| Lin et al. [18] | Mice lacking fatty acid transport protein (FATP)4 | Tg (IVL-Fatp4) transgenicmice | Under developed meibomian glands with thickened ducts | Abnormal sebaceous glands, thick skin with defective barrier |
| McMahon et al. [19] | Mutation in ELOVL4 (enzyme for synthesis of extremely long chain fatty acid) | heterozygous Stgd3 mice, mixed 129SvEv and C57BL6 | Protruding meibomian gland orifice, intragland anatomical changes, tooth paste like meibum, intense staining for ELOVL4 in glands | Inability to open eyes fully, increased blink rates |
| Ikeda et al. [7] | Superoxide dismutase (SOD)-1 knock out | Mice with F1 background | Age related meibomian gland abnormalities (reduced glandular oil-red O staining) | Corneal fluorescein and lissamine staining, reduced tear secretion (phenol red thread readings) |
| Gilbard 1989 [9] | Cautery of meibomian gland orifice | Rabbits | Increased tear film osmolarity, decrease in conjunctival goblet cells and corneal epithelial glycogen levels | Nil |
| Nichols et al. [8] | Cautery of meibomian gland orifice | Mice | Meibomian gland ductal engorgement and cyst formation, gland dropout, cheesy glandular inclusions | Nil |
| Miyake et al. [10] | Lipid limiting diet | HR-1/HR-AD hairless mice | Plugged meibomian gland orifice Hyperkeratinisation of meibomian duct epithelium; loss of acini and gland atrophy |
Atopic dermatitis [20] |
| Reyes et al. [11] | Immunisation with ovalbumin and pertussis, then topical challenge | C57B6 mice | Plugged meibomian gland orifice, presence of neutrophils around meibomian glands | Nil reported |
aGenetic models refer to homozygous mice
bNot in mice expressing the EDA-A1 isoform transgene